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Jeruel (יְרוּאֵל, yeru'el). A wilderness region between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea on the ascent of Ziz. Jahaziel informed Jehoshaphat that he would encounter the hordes of Ammon, Moab, and the Meunites there (2 Chr 20:16).
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַםִ, yerushalami). The capital city of biblical Israel, and later of the southern kingdom of Judah. The central location for Israel’s self-understanding of life under God.
Etymology
The earliest references to Jerusalem are found in ancient Egyptian texts, from roughly 1900–1800 bc. The name appears as “Rushalimum.” Later, in 1400 bc, Abdi-Heba, an Egyptian vassal in Jerusalem, sent a letter of allegiance to Pharaoh Amenophis IV, from “Urushalim” (Moran, Amarna Letters, 325 [EA 285]).
A later Assyrian text, Sennacherib’s prism, also refers to the city as “Ursalimmu” (Tsevat, TDOT, 348). The Aramaic in these references, יְרוּשְׁלֶם (yerushelem), is very similar to the biblical יְרוּשָׁלַםִ (yerushalami). While the consonants remain the same, the vowel pointing lends a different ending to each.
It is possible that the name is a compound noun, deriving from יָרָה (yarah, “pillar”) and שָׁלֵם (shalem) (proper name “Shalem,” or a cognate for שָׁלוֹם, shalom, “peace”). The definition could be either “foundation of the god of Shalem,” or “foundation of peace” (Stoltz, Strukturen, 181; Koehler and Baumgartner, Lexicon, 404; Lewy, “Textes”).
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